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The role of genetic, hormonal and environmental influences on sexual differentiation of the brain

Е. К. Кудряшова, А. С. Масель, И. И. Нагорная, И. Л. Никитина

Authors: E. K. Kudryashova, A. S. Masel, I. I. Nagornaya, I. L. Nikitina

Place: St Petersburg, Russia

Institution: Federal North-West Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia

Abstract: Variables influencing gender development in humans are difficult to evaluate because it is usually impossible to tell apart the role of biological and social factors. While most studies of gender development and disorders of sex development have historically emphasized the importance of genes and hormones on gender identity and gender role, recently a significant role of socialization has become more evident. This article considers mechanisms underlying disorders of sexual development and brain sexual differentiation. Advanced concepts of disorders of sex development and sexual differentiation of the brain are discussed. Finally, the paper outlines the possible directions and targets for further investigation aimed at improving existing methods of health care for patients with disorders of sex development.

Keywords: disorder of sex development, sexual differentiation of the brain, gender identity, gender role, gender behavior

 

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