Blood pressure and mineral metabolism in adolescents (ecological mineral deficiency in drinking water)

И.Ю. Борисова, В.Л. Макаров, С.К. Чурина

Authors: I.Y. Borisova, V.L. Makarov, S.K. Tchurina

Place: St Petersburg, Russia

Institution: Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences

Abstract: Objective. To monitor blood pressure (BP) and mineral metabolism in adolescents drinking water with low content of mineral salts (St Petersburg municipal tap water) in relation to the constitutional and individual characteristics. Design and methods. The study included 155 school students aged 11-13 years, both males and females. Table water for the first (experimental) group (64 students) was enriched with Ca2+ and Mg2+ up to 50-60 and 25-30 mg/l, respectively. The second (control) group consisted of 91 adolescents receiving the ordinary Saint-Petersburg tap water with extremely low content of essential macroelements (7-8 mg/l of calcium; 3-4 mg/l of magnesium). By antropometric measurements, all adolescents were divided into 3 constitutional types and into 2 types of different rates of individual development. The study lasted 5 years. During the follow-up BP was monitored periodically in all participants, and the mineral composition of tissues such as nails and hair was studied using atomic absorption analysis (AAS-3, Germany). Results. The initial data on average systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were statistically identical in both groups: mean SBP was 117 ± 3,9 and 118 ± 3,8 mmHg, respectively; mean DBP was 80 ± 2,5 and 78 ± 2,4 mmHg in groups 1 and 2, respectively. At the same time, initial BP (both SBP and DBP) was significantly (p < 0,05) higher in adolescents with the ectomorphic cerebral type are characterized by higher neurotism and emotional instability. After 5-year follow-up both SBP and DBP decreased significantly (p < 0,05) in adolescents receiving table water enriched with calcium and magnesium. At the same time, in the control group in different constitutional subgroups receiving low-Ca2+-Mg2+ tap water no significant changes in SBP and DBP were observed throughout the study. The concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in nail and hair samples increased with time in all 3 constitutional subgroups of the experimental group. By the end of the study the most marked increase was observed in adolescents of the mesomorphic and of the endomorphic type. In the mesomorphic subgroup calcium content in hair increased from 0,78 ± 0,06 up to 1,34 ± 0,13 mg/g (p < 0,05), and magnesium content — from 0,02 ± 0,001 to 0,07 ± 0.008 mg/g (p < 0,05). In the endomorphic adolescents the hair mineral content increased from 0,58 ± 0,04 up to 1,60 ± 0,10 mg/g and from 0,02 ± 0,.001 up to 0,08 ± 0,007 mg/g, respectively (p < 0,05). Conclusions. After 5-year follow-up the average BP increased significantly in subgroups of adolescents characterized by higher neurotism and emotional instability, as well as in accelerants. Compensation of the natural deficiency of mineral salts in drinking water (within physiological norms and hygienic standards) protects from mineral loss and has a positive effect on mineral distribution in tissues.

Keywords: adolescents, blood pressure, calcium and magnesium content in tissues, deficiency of macroelements in drinking water

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